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The Political Graveyard: A Database of American History
Politicians in Trouble or Disgrace

Politicians in Trouble: 1940 to 1949

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in approximate chronological order

  John J. Condon (1898-1971) — of Yonkers, Westchester County, N.Y. Born in Yonkers, Westchester County, N.Y., November 19, 1898. Republican. Auditor for the New York Central Railroad; mayor of Yonkers, N.Y., 1940-41; defeated, 1935; in December 1940, he was named as a conspirator in the indictment of Patrick Fitzgerald, who was charged with seeking a $3,000 bribe from pinball operators. Catholic. Irish ancestry. Member, Knights of Columbus. Died January 27, 1971 (age 72 years, 69 days). Interment at St. Mary's Cemetery, Yonkers, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of John J. Condon and Ellen Condon; first cousin of William F. Condon; first cousin once removed of William F. Condon Jr..
  Political family: Condon family of Yonkers, New York.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
Frank D. McKay Frank D. McKay (1883-1965) — of Grand Rapids, Kent County, Mich. Born in Grand Rapids, Kent County, Mich., November 4, 1883. Republican. Financier; political boss who dominated Republican politics in Michigan for years; delegate to Republican National Convention from Michigan, 1920, 1928, 1932 (alternate), 1936, 1940, 1944; Michigan state treasurer, 1925-30; investigated by a grand jury in 1931 over his handling of state funds while Treasurer; member of Republican National Committee from Michigan, 1940-44; subject of three federal grand jury investigations in 1940 over alleged fraud, extortion and kickbacks; indicted in 1944 for bribery of state legislators; hired a Purple Gang figure to murder the star witness, State Sen. Warren G. Hooper, and the case collapsed; charged in 1945, along with William McKeighan, with conspiracy to violate state liquor laws; tried in 1946; the judge directed a verdict of not guilty. Died in Miami Beach, Dade County (now Miami-Dade County), Fla., January 12, 1965 (age 81 years, 69 days). Entombed at Greenwood Cemetery, Grand Rapids, Mich.
  Relatives: Son of James D. McKay and Ellen (Zimmerman) McKay; married, May 31, 1906, to Agnes Christine Hermansen.
  Cross-reference: Edward N. Barnard — William Green
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Image source: Michigan Manual 1927
  Lawrence J. Murray Jr. (1910-2000) — of Haverstraw, Rockland County, N.Y.; Pearl River, Rockland County, N.Y.; Nyack, Rockland County, N.Y. Born in New York, June 20, 1910. Democrat. Lawyer; member of New York state assembly from Rockland County, 1938-40; removed 1940; charged, in January 1940, with embezzling $49,102 from Miss May Dunnigan, his mentally incompetent law client (also sister-in-law to U.S. Postmaster General James A. Farley); the money was lost in gambling on horse races; tried, convicted on all counts, and hence automatically disbarred and removed from office; sentenced to five to ten years in prison; his sentence was commuted in 1942; arrested in 1952, along with other bookmakers, for illegally taking bets. Irish ancestry. Died March 15, 2000 (age 89 years, 269 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Lawrence J. Murray and Emma (Brennan) Murray.
  Joseph Ellsberry McWilliams (1904-1996) — also known as Joe McWilliams — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Hitchcock, Blaine County, Okla., 1904. Gave street-corner speeches in New York City, in which he denounced Jews and praised Adolf Hitler; arrested in 1940 when one of his speeches caused a riot; charged with sedition in 1944, as part of an alleged Nazi conspiracy; tried along with many others, but after seven months, a mistrial was declared; candidate in Republican primary for U.S. Representative from New York 18th District, 1940. Died in 1996 (age about 92 years). Burial location unknown.
  See also Wikipedia article
Farrell Dobbs Farrell Dobbs (1907-1983) — of Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minn.; New York. Born in Queen City, Schuyler County, Mo., July 25, 1907. Socialist. Truck driver; became involved with a militant Teamsters Union local in Minneapolis in the 1930s, and helped lead a general strike; joined the Socialist Workers Party in 1939; convicted in 1941 of treason under the anti-Communist Smith Act, and served one year in prison; Socialist Workers candidate for President of the United States, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960; national secretary of the Socialist Workers Party, 1953-72; historian. Member, Teamsters Union. Died in Pinole, Contra Costa County, Calif., October 31, 1983 (age 76 years, 98 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Isaac T. Dobbs.
  See also Wikipedia article
  Image source: The Militant, July 2, 1956
James P. Cannon James Patrick Cannon (1890-1974) — also known as James P. Cannon — of New York. Born in Rosedale (now part of Kansas City), Wyandotte County, Kan., 1890. Socialist. Candidate for U.S. Representative from New York, 1922 (Workers, 10th District), 1928 (20th District); Workers candidate for Governor of New York, 1924; Trotskyist Anti-War candidate for mayor of New York City, N.Y., 1941. Irish ancestry. Became an open supporter of Leon Trotsky's opposition to Stalin about 1928, and was expelled from the Communist Party; became a major Trotskyist leader and theoretician, and one of the founders of the Socialist Workers Party. Arrested in 1941 and charged under the Smith Act; convicted in 1943, and served sixteen months in federal prison. Died in 1974 (age about 84 years). Burial location unknown.
  Books about James P. Cannon: Bryan D. Palmer, James P. Cannon and the Origins of the American Revolutionary Left, 1890-1928
  Image source: The Militant, July 2, 1956
  Sol Ullman (c.1893-1941) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in New York, New York County, N.Y., about 1893. Republican. Lawyer; member of New York state assembly from New York County 6th District, 1919-23; defeated, 1923; indicted by a Federal grand jury in 1921 on charges of conspiring to create a falsified income tax return for a manufacturing company; a trial resulted in a directed verdict of acquittal due to insufficient evidence; alternate delegate to Republican National Convention from New York, 1928; candidate for U.S. Representative from New York 14th District, 1928. Jewish. Member, American Bar Association; Freemasons. Arrested and indicted in 1939 on charges of protecting a physician who performed illegal abortions; in 1941, a dentist was convicted as Ullman's agent in soliciting protection money from physicians, and during the pendency of the criminal charges, disbarment proceedings were brought against him. However, he was never tried, and his obituary states that he was "exonerated". Died, in Lenox Hill Hospital, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., July 6, 1941 (age about 48 years). Entombed at Union Field Cemetery, Ridgewood, Queens, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of Samuel Ullman and Kate Ullman; married to Esther or Estelle Blau.
  Edward Elwell Spafford (1878-1941) — also known as Edward E. Spafford — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y.; Brewster, Putnam County, N.Y. Born in Springfield, Windsor County, Vt., March 12, 1878. Republican. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War I; lawyer; National Commander, American Legion, 1927-28; candidate for U.S. Representative from New York 14th District, 1930. Member, American Legion. In 1941, during divorce proceedings, he was accused of conspiring with German agents in America; in an interview published in 1943 by journalist John Roy Carlson, he espoused strongly antisemitic and pro-Hitler views. Died, in the Naval Academy Hospital, Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Md., November 13, 1941 (age 63 years, 246 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Hiram Duncan Spafford and Georgia F. Spafford; married, May 22, 1912, to Lucille M. Stevens; married 1922 to Lillian Mercer Pierce.
  Lorence Elmer Asman (b. 1924) — also known as Lorence E. Asman; Larry Asman — of Kent County, Mich. Born in St. Louis, Gratiot County, Mich., January 29, 1924. Republican. In 1941, he became a follower and associate of anti-Semitic leader Gerald L. K. Smith; arrested by the Secret Service in 1943 for writing a "scurrilous" (presumably threatening) letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt; served in the U.S. Army during World War II; author of a inflammatory leaflet in 1946 titled 20,000 Little Brown Bastards which was widely distributed to stir up racial hatred against African-Americans; candidate for Michigan state senate 16th District, 1960. Presumed deceased. Burial location unknown.
Irving D. Neustein Irving Daniel Neustein (1901-1979) — also known as Irving D. Neustein — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., November 30, 1901. Democrat. Lawyer; member of New York state assembly from New York County 6th District, 1931-37; member, New York Unemployment Insurance Appeal Board, 1938-41; when his political activities came under investigation by the U.S. Civil Service Commission as violating the Hatch Act, he resigned; though he was no longer a member, his ouster from the appeal board was ordered two years later. Jewish. Member, Freemasons; Tammany Hall. Died, in Jewish Home for the Aged, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., December 7, 1979 (age 78 years, 7 days). Burial location unknown.
  Image source: New York Red Book 1936
  Stephen J. Stilwell (1866-1942) — of Bronx, Bronx County, N.Y.; Mamaroneck, Westchester County, N.Y. Born in New York, May 10, 1866. Democrat. Lawyer; member of New York state senate 21st District, 1909-13; removed 1913; charged in 1913 with extorting a bribe of $3,500 from George H. Kendall, president of the New York Bank Note company, over a bill that Kendall supported; tried in the State Senate and found not guilty on April 15 by a vote of 28 to 21; indicted on May 12 by a grand jury for soliciting a bribe; tried soon after, and convicted on May 24; this removed him from office; sentenced to four to eight years in prison; after his release, he moved to Mamaroneck and entered the real estate business; indicted in 1934 on charges that he defrauded his former stenographer of $9,000 when she came to him seeking a Naval Academy appointment for her son, but the case did not go to trial; arrested in March 1941 and indicted in April on charges that he attempted to bribe a Mamaroneck village trustee $1,000 to obtain a police job for an associate; pleaded guilty, but never sentenced; while incarcerated, his legs were amputated. Died, while a prisoner awaiting sentence, in Grasslands Hospital, Valhalla, Westchester County, N.Y., April 20, 1942 (age 75 years, 345 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Mary Delia (Archer) Stilwell and William Jewitt Stilwell; married, February 14, 1887, to Celia A. Blanck.
  Walter L. Kanar (1901-1958) — of Hamtramck, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Warsaw, Poland, 1901. Republican. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 3rd District, 1931-32; defeated, 1932; mayor of Hamtramck, Mich., 1939-42. Indicted, but not convicted, on vice conspiracy charges while he was mayor. Died February 4, 1958 (age about 56 years). Interment at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Detroit, Mich.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Nathan Pressman (1912-1993) — of Ellenville, Ulster County, N.Y. Born in Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y., June 24, 1912. Socialist. Longtime Socialist Labor Party activist; jailed briefly during World War II for draft resistance, but subsequently accepted induction into the U.S. Army; several time candidate for mayor of Ellenville, N.Y.; candidate for Presidential Elector for New York; expelled from Socialist Labor Party, 1984. Died, in Ellenville Community Hospital, Ellenville, Ulster County, N.Y., September 25, 1993 (age 81 years, 93 days). Interment at Workmen's Circle Cemetery, Wawarsing town, Ulster County, N.Y.
  William Dudley Pelley (1890-1965) — of Asheville, Buncombe County, N.C.; Noblesville, Hamilton County, Ind. Born in Lynn, Essex County, Mass., March 12, 1890. Hollywood screenwriter in 1917-29 for about 12 films, including The Light in the Dark and The Shock, both starring Lon Chaney; founder (1933) and leader of the anti-Semitic Silver Legion of America organization (the "Silver Shirts", explicitly modeled after Adolf Hitler's Brownshirts); Christian candidate for President of the United States, 1936; arrested in April 1942 and charged with criminal sedition; convicted and sentenced to fifteen years in prison; released in 1950. Died in Noblesville, Hamilton County, Ind., July 1, 1965 (age 75 years, 111 days). Interment at Crownland Cemetery, Noblesville, Ind.
  Relatives: Son of Grace (Goodale) Pelley and William George Apsey Pelley; married, December 16, 1911, to Marion Harriet Stone; married, July 24, 1934, to Minna Helen Hansmann; married to Agnes Marion Henderson.
  Cross-reference: Gerald L. K. Smith
  See also Wikipedia article — Internet Movie Database profile — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Books by William Dudley Pelley: Know your karma; design for destiny
  Leon Chase Phillips (1890-1958) — also known as Leon C. Phillips; Red Phillips — of Okemah, Okfuskee County, Okla. Born in Worth County, Mo., December 9, 1890. Democrat. Member of Oklahoma state house of representatives; elected 1932, 1934, 1936; Speaker of the Oklahoma State House of Representatives, 1935; Governor of Oklahoma, 1939-43; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Oklahoma, 1940. Charged with accepting a bribe while governor; tried twice and ultimately acquitted. Died, of a heart attack, while waiting for a client at the post office in Okmulgee, Okmulgee County, Okla., March 27, 1958 (age 67 years, 108 days). Interment at Hillcrest Cemetery, Weleetka, Okla.
  See also National Governors Association biography — NNDB dossier
  Gerald Burton Winrod (1900-1957) — also known as Gerald B. Winrod — Born in Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kan., March 7, 1900. Republican. One of the founders, in 1925, of the group Defenders of the Christian Faith; candidate for U.S. Senator from Kansas, 1938; sympathized with the Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, and and blamed the Depression and World War II on Jews, Catholics, and Communists; indicted in July 1942, with others, for sedition over an alleged conspiracy to cause insubordination in the Armed Forces in wartime; a mistrial was declared and charges were dropped. Died in Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kan., November 11, 1957 (age 57 years, 249 days). Interment at White Chapel Memorial Gardens, Wichita, Kan.
  George T. Ashe (1905-1975) — of Lowell, Middlesex County, Mass. Born in Lowell, Middlesex County, Mass., February 6, 1905. Democrat. Member of Massachusetts state house of representatives Fifteenth Middlesex District, 1935-40; mayor of Lowell, Mass., 1940-42; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Massachusetts, 1940. Catholic. Indicted on bribery charges in March, 1942, in connection with sales of equipment and supplies to the city through a dummy company; tried and convicted in October, and sentenced to one year in jail; in December, he pleaded guilty to a separate charge of accepting a $1,000 bribe from a construction contractor, dropped his appeal of the other conviction, and immediately went to jail. Died in Lowell, Middlesex County, Mass., May, 1975 (age 70 years, 0 days). Interment at St. Patrick's Cemetery, Lowell, Mass.
  Relatives: Son of Joseph Ashe and Mary Ellen (Sullivan) Ashe; married, February 14, 1940, to Margaret Mary Grady; married, August 15, 1956, to Helen M. Henderson.
  See also Wikipedia article
  Edwin J. Szarzynski (born c.1907) — of St. Louis, Mo. Born in East St. Louis, St. Clair County, Ill., about 1907. Republican. Credit manager; charged in 1937 with embezzlement of $2,553 from his employer; pleaded guilty to a reduced charge, and sentenced to six months in the workhouse; served three and a half months; arrested in 1942 in a raid on a gambling operation; fined $15; dock worker; candidate for Missouri state senate 5th District, 1960. Burial location unknown.
  James Michael Curley (1874-1958) — also known as James M. Curley; "The Rascal King" — of Jamaica Plain, Boston, Suffolk County, Mass. Born in Boston, Suffolk County, Mass., November 20, 1874. Democrat. Real estate and insurance business; president, Hibernia Savings Bank; member of Massachusetts state house of representatives, 1902-03; U.S. Representative from Massachusetts, 1911-14, 1943-47 (10th District 1911-13, 12th District 1913-14, 11th District 1943-47); resigned 1914; mayor of Boston, Mass., 1914-18, 1922-26, 1930-34, 1946-50; defeated, 1917, 1937, 1941, 1949, 1951, 1955; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Massachusetts, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956; Governor of Massachusetts, 1935-37; defeated, 1924, 1938; candidate for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, 1936; member of Democratic National Committee from Massachusetts, 1940-54; indicted in federal court in 1943, with Donald W. Smith and others, over his participation in Engineers Group, Inc., which fraudulently obtained war contracts; re-indicted in 1944; tried in 1945-46 and convicted; sentenced to six to eighteen months in prison and fined $1,000; released in November 1947 when his sentence was commuted by President Harry Truman. Catholic. Irish ancestry. Member, Eagles; Moose; Elks; Knights of Columbus; Ancient Order of Hibernians. Died in Boston, Suffolk County, Mass., November 12, 1958 (age 83 years, 357 days). Interment at Mt. Calvary Cemetery, Roslindale, Boston, Mass.
  Relatives: Son of Michael Curley and Sarah (Clancy) Curley; brother of John J. Curley; married, June 27, 1906, to Mary Emelda Herlihy; married, January 7, 1937, to Gertrude Marion (Casey) Dennis.
  Cross-reference: Joseph Santosuosso
  See also congressional biography — Govtrack.us page — National Governors Association biography — Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Books about James M. Curley: Jack Beatty, The Rascal King: The Life and Times of James Michael Curley — Gerald Leinwand, Mackerels in the Moonlight : Four Corrupt American Mayors — William M. Bulger & Robert J. Allison, James Michael Curley
  Andrew Jackson May (1875-1959) — also known as Andrew J. May — of Prestonsburg, Floyd County, Ky. Born near Langley, Floyd County, Ky., June 24, 1875. Democrat. Lawyer; Floyd County Attorney, 1901-09; U.S. Representative from Kentucky, 1931-47 (10th District 1931-33, at-large 1933-35, 7th District 1935-47); defeated, 1928 (10th District), 1946 (7th District). Baptist. Member, Freemasons. In 1943, he was briefed about the flaws in the Japanese anti-submarine munitions; he revealed this information to the press, and hence to the Japanese, who quickly improved their depth charges. After the war, this indiscretion was estimated to have cost the U.S. ten submarines and 800 men. Convicted, on July 3, 1947, on charges of accepting bribes for his influence in the award of munitions contracts during World War II; served nine months in prison; received a full pardon from President Harry S. Truman in 1952. Died in Prestonsburg, Floyd County, Ky., September 6, 1959 (age 84 years, 74 days). Interment at Mayo Cemetery, Prestonsburg, Ky.
  Presumably named for: Andrew Jackson
  Relatives: Son of Dorcus (Conley) May and John May; uncle of William Harvey May.
  See also congressional biography — Govtrack.us page
  Thomas A. Aurelio (c.1892-1973) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in New York, New York County, N.Y., about 1892. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Army during World War I; lawyer; magistrate; on August 28, 1943, New York County District Attorney Frank S. Hogan charged in a formal statement that Aurelio's nomination by both major parties for Supreme Court had been brought about by gangster and ex-convict Frank Costello, and released the transcript of a telephone conversation in which Aurelio thanked Costello and pledged undying loyalty; his candidacy was repudiated by both parties, but they were unable to remove his name from the ballot; disbarment proceedings were also unsuccessful; Justice of New York Supreme Court 1st District, 1944-61. Italian ancestry. Member, Tammany Hall. Died, probably from a heart attack, in Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., January 5, 1973 (age about 81 years). Interment at Calvary Cemetery, Woodside, Queens, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of Ralph Aurelio; married 1931 to Aida Louise Pardi.
  Cross-reference: Bert Stand
  Bert Stand — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Democrat. Alternate delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952; executive deputy commissioner and secretary of the New York State Athletic Commission, which regulated professional boxing; forced to resign in August 1943, following disclosure by New York County District Attorney Frank S. Hogan that Stand had helped gangster and "slot machine king" Frank Costello in obtain a Supreme Court nomination for Thomas A. Aurelio. Member, Tammany Hall. Burial location unknown.
  C. Leon de Aryan — of San Diego, San Diego County, Calif. Candidate for mayor of San Diego, Calif., 1932. Charged with sedition during World War II; the charges were eventually dropped. Burial location unknown.
  Stanley J. Dombrowski (1901-1977) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., May 7, 1901. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1935-44; defeated in primary, 1950; in 1943, he repudiated grand jury testimony about being bribed, pleaded guilty to perjury, and was sentenced to prison; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison. Died in 1977 (age about 76 years). Burial location unknown.
  Peter B. Carey (1886-1943) — of Chicago, Cook County, Ill. Born in Chicago, Cook County, Ill., November 3, 1886. Democrat. President, Chicago Board of Trade, 1932-35; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Illinois, 1932, 1936, 1940; delegate to Illinois convention to ratify 21st amendment, 1933; Cook County Sheriff, 1942-43. Died, amidst a scandal in his department, from a heart ailment, in Sacred Heart Sanitarium, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County, Wis., November 1, 1943 (age 56 years, 363 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married to Mary Frances Angsten.
  Donald Wakefield Smith — also known as Donald W. Smith — of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pa.; Washington, D.C. Democrat. Member, National Labor Relations Board, 1936-39; indicted in federal court in 1943, with James M. Curley and others, over his participation in Engineers Group, Inc., which fraudulently obtained war contracts; re-indicted in 1944; tried in 1945-46 and convicted; sentenced to four months to one year and one day in prison and fined $1,000. Burial location unknown.
  Robert Morss Lovett (1870-1956) — of Chicago, Cook County, Ill.; Lake Zurich, Lake County, Ill. Born in Boston, Suffolk County, Mass., December 25, 1870. Progressive. University professor; novelist; playwright; candidate for Presidential Elector for Illinois; secretary of the U.S. Virgin Islands, 1939-43; Governor of U.S. Virgin Islands, 1940-41; removed from office as Secretary of the Virgin Islands, and barred from federal employment, by action of the U.S. Congress in 1943, over his ties to left-wing and purportedly Communist individuals and groups; the action was later struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court as an unconstitutional bill of attainder, and he received about $2,000 in salary owed to him. Atheist. Died, in St. Joseph's Hospital, Chicago, Cook County, Ill., February 8, 1956 (age 85 years, 45 days). Interment at Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Ill.
  Relatives: Son of Augustus Sidney Lovett and Elizabeth (Russell) Lovett; married, June 4, 1895, to Ida Mott-Smith; father of Robert Morss Lovett, Jr.
  See also Wikipedia article — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Charles Coles Diggs Sr. (1894-1967) — also known as Charles C. Diggs, Sr. — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Tallula, Issaquena County, Miss., January 2, 1894. Mortician; member of Michigan state senate 3rd District, 1937-44; defeated in Democratic primary, 1944; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Michigan, 1940; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged in a different bribery case in 1945; tried and convicted; charged again on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify; candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan 1st District, 1948 (Republican primary), 1952 (Democratic primary). African ancestry. Member, Elks. Died in 1967 (age about 73 years). Interment at Detroit Memorial Park East, Warren, Mich.
  Relatives: Father of Charles Coles Diggs Jr..
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Eugene C. Keyes (1900-1963) — of Dearborn, Wayne County, Mich. Born August 23, 1900. Republican. Lawyer; dentist; Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, 1943-44, 1947-48; defeated, 1940, 1944, 1948; candidate for Governor of Michigan, 1950, 1954; candidate for U.S. Senator from Michigan, 1952. Convicted, in Dearborn municipal court in August 1944, of assaulting a woman who came to his office to protest his slapping of her son during an argument over campaign work; the sentence was a $25 fine or 15 days in jail. Died in 1963 (age about 62 years). Burial location unknown.
  Adam William Sumeracki (b. 1911) — also known as Adam Sumeracki — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Braddock, Allegheny County, Pa., February 6, 1911. Democrat. Real estate and insurance business; member of Michigan state house of representatives, 1939-44, 1955-64 (Wayne County 1st District 1939-44, Wayne County 9th District 1955-64); removed 1944; defeated, 1964 (7th District), 1974 (71st District); candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan 1st District, 1942; Charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; also charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Catholic. Burial location unknown.
  Earl C. Gallagher (b. 1899) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Ontonagon County, Mich., October 15, 1899. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Army during World War I; worked for carmakers Ford Motor Company and Chrysler Corporation; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1937-44; removed 1944; defeated, 1954 (Wayne County 10th District); charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Member, Elks; American Legion. Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married 1936 to Mary Thibault.
  Martin Anthony Kronk (1900-1976) — also known as Martin A. Kronk — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., July 1, 1900. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1937-44; removed 1944; defeated, 1950 (Wayne County 1st District), 1958 (Wayne County 12th District); charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; candidate for Michigan state senate 5th District, 1954. Died in 1976 (age about 75 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married, July 15, 1925, to Irene Roskivetalski.
  Cross-reference: Orville E. Atwood
  Ernest George Nagel (1893-1955) — also known as Ernest G. Nagel; "Ernie Hooker" — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Zurich, Switzerland, March 3, 1893. Democrat. Boxer; served in the U.S. Army Air Corps in World War I; automotive engineer; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1933-40; defeated in primary, 1952; member of Michigan state senate 1st District, 1941-42; defeated in primary, 1942, 1944; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; also charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Member, Freemasons; American Legion. Died July 26, 1955 (age 62 years, 145 days). Interment at Clinton Grove Cemetery, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Mich.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Henry F. Shea (1885-1967) — of Laurium, Houghton County, Mich. Born in Osceola Mine, Houghton County, Mich., April 15, 1885. Democrat. Miner; railroad trainman; plumber; steamfitter; candidate for Michigan state house of representatives from Houghton County 1st District, 1918; member of Michigan state senate 32nd District, 1937-40; defeated, 1940; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; granted immunity from prosecution in return for his testimony in another bribery case, 1945. Member, Knights of Columbus; Eagles. Died in 1967 (age about 82 years). Burial location unknown.
  Frank Murphy (1897-1944) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Rensselaer, Rensselaer County, N.Y., May 15, 1897. Democrat. Accountant; Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, 1941-42; defeated, 1942; charged with bribery in 1944; pleaded guilty. Catholic. Member, Knights of Columbus; Gamma Eta Gamma. Died, from a heart ailment, December 25, 1944 (age 47 years, 224 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married to Constance Kirchner.
  Chester Milton Howell (1883-1965) — also known as Chester M. Howell; "Chiseling Chet" — of Saginaw, Saginaw County, Mich. Born in Muskegon, Muskegon County, Mich., September 10, 1883. Republican. Newspaper reporter; newspaper editor; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Saginaw County 1st District, 1923-26; member of Michigan state senate 22nd District, 1927-32, 1939-45; defeated, 1932, 1936; resigned 1945; charged on December 6, 1944 with accepting bribes from naturopathic physicians, and pleaded guilty; testified against other legislators in bribery cases. Congregationalist. Member, Freemasons; Rotary; Kiwanis; Elks; Moose. Died in Owosso, Shiawassee County, Mich., May 8, 1965 (age 81 years, 240 days). Interment at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Saginaw, Mich.
  Relatives: Married 1910 to Clara Emma Bricker.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Michael J. Clancy (b. 1913) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in County Clare, Ireland, September 9, 1913. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1937-40; defeated in primary, 1942; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes, but not tried and convicted with the others. Catholic. Irish ancestry. Burial location unknown.
  Joseph C. Roosevelt (1900-1987) — also known as Joe Roosevelt — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., October 8, 1900. Democrat. Real estate and insurance business; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1933-36; member of Michigan state senate 21st District, 1937-38; defeated in primary, 1938, 1940, 1942; implicated in the Michigan legislative bribery scandal in 1944 as a go-between providing bribes to legislators; granted immunity from prosecution, and testified against others. Died in 1987 (age about 86 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married, August 24, 1926, to Catherine Miller.
  Leo Joseph Wilkowski (1902-1955) — also known as Leo J. Wilkowski — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., April 5, 1902. Democrat. Hardware business; member of Michigan state senate 2nd District, 1939-44; nominated, but withdrew 1944; Charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged on December 16, 1944 (along with other legislators) with accepting bribes from naturopathic physicians; tried and convicted; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the last set of charges were dismissed when he agreed to testify. Polish ancestry. Member, Polish National Alliance. Died of heart trouble, March 23, 1955 (age 52 years, 352 days). Interment at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Detroit, Mich.
  Relatives: Brother of Anthony J. Wilkowski; married 1925 to Theresa D. Kozlowski.
  William M. Bradley (b. 1892) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., May 22, 1892. Democrat. Member of Michigan state senate 5th District, 1937-40; defeated in primary, 1934, 1940, 1942, 1952; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison. Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of William A. Bradley and Mary (Riley) Bradley; married 1912 to Edwardine Lenahan.
  Charles Fitch Hemans (1896-1971) — also known as Charles F. Hemans; "Baron of the Bathroom"; "Knight of the Doublecross" — of Eaton Rapids, Eaton County, Mich.; Howell, Livingston County, Mich.; Lansing, Ingham County, Mich. Born in Mason, Ingham County, Mich., April 12, 1896. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Army during World War I; lawyer; alternate delegate to Democratic National Convention from Michigan, 1924; candidate for Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1926, 1928; member of University of Michigan board of regents, 1934-41; defeated, 1931, 1941; candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan 15th District, 1934; candidate for circuit judge in Michigan 30th Circuit, 1935; candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Michigan, 1936. Implicated in the Michigan legislative bribery scandal in 1944; granted immunity from prosecution and testified that he had bribed many legislators in his hotel bathroom; later, another bribery case against legislators fell apart when he refused to testify and fled to Washington; arrested by FBI agents and arraigned on a federal fugitive witness charge; tried and convicted, and sentenced to four years in prison; pleaded guilty to bribery in 1950 and sentenced to five years probation and a $1,000 fine. Died January 29, 1971 (age 74 years, 292 days). Interment at Maple Grove Cemetery, Mason, Mich.
  Relatives: Son of Lawton Thomas Hemans and Minnie P. Hemans.
  Cross-reference: Carl F. DeLano — Gilbert H. Isbister — Robert B. McLaughlin — Charles S. Blondy — James B. Stanley — William C. Stenson — Earl W. McEwen, Sr. — Byron L. Ballard — Ernest G. Nagel — Charles C. Diggs, Sr. — James A. Burns — Earl C. Gallagher — Edward J. Walsh — Walter N. Stockfish — Adam Sumeracki — Joseph J. Kowalski
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Francis J. Nowak (1915-1976) — also known as Frank Nowak — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., November 14, 1915. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1939-44; nominated, but withdrew 1944; removed 1944; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged on December 6, 1944 (along with four other legislators) with accepting bribes from naturopathic physicians; tried in 1945, but the jury was unable to reach a verdict; retried and convicted; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the last set of charges were dismissed when he agreed to testify. Died in 1976 (age about 60 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married, July 1, 1939, to Evelyn Marshick.
  D. Stephen Benzie (b. 1893) — of Norway, Dickinson County, Mich. Born in Norway, Dickinson County, Mich., March 10, 1893. Democrat. Road contractor; lumber business; member of Michigan state senate 31st District, 1939-42; defeated, 1942; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Michigan, 1940; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison. Member, Elks. Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married 1913 to Lillian Wilson.
  Joseph Lawrence Kaminski (1902-1951) — also known as Joseph L. Kaminski — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., November 2, 1902. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1935-40; defeated in primary, 1940; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison. Died in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., November, 1951 (age about 48 years). Interment at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Detroit, Mich.
  Relatives: Married to Anna Wypijewski.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  William Gibbs Buckley (b. 1907) — also known as William G. Buckley — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pa., August 19, 1907. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1933-34, 1937-44; defeated in primary, 1944; removed 1944; Charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged on December 6, 1944 (along with four other legislators) with accepting bribes from naturopathic physicians; tried in 1945, but the jury was unable to reach a verdict; retried and convicted; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the last set of charges were dismissed when he agreed to testify. Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married 1933 to Kathryn O'Dowd.
  Edward John Walsh (1904-1975) — also known as Edward J. Walsh — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., October 22, 1904. Democrat. Automobile worker; constable; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1933-44; removed 1944; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged on December 6, 1944 (along with four other legislators) with accepting bribes from naturopathic physicians; tried in 1945, but the jury was unable to reach a verdict; retried and convicted; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Died in 1975 (age about 70 years). Burial location unknown.
  Walter N. Stockfish (1908-1973) — of Hamtramck, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Toledo, Lucas County, Ohio, July 16, 1908. Democrat. Lawyer; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 3rd District, 1935-44; removed 1944; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Died in 1973 (age about 64 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married, June 11, 1935, to Virginia M. Bayer.
  Isadore A. Weza (b. 1906) — of Ontonagon, Ontonagon County, Mich. Born near Ontonagon, Ontonagon County, Mich., March 22, 1906. Democrat. School teacher; superintendent of schools; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Ontonagon District, 1937-40; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes, but not tried and convicted with the others. Burial location unknown.
  Carl F. DeLano (1890-1952) — of Cooper Township, Kalamazoo County, Mich. Born in Cooper Township, Kalamazoo County, Mich., September 25, 1890. Republican. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Kalamazoo County 2nd District, 1931-38; defeated in primary, 1928; member of Michigan state senate 6th District, 1939-45; resigned 1945; charged on December 6, 1944, along with four other legislators, with accepting bribes from naturopathic phyisicians; tried in 1945 and convicted; sentenced to three to five years in prison; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Died in 1952 (age about 61 years). Interment at Cooper Township Cemetery, Cooper Township, Kalamazoo County, Mich.
  Relatives: Married 1923 to Irene Lane.
  Charles J. Anderson Jr. — of Chicago, Cook County, Ill. Republican. Candidate for U.S. Representative from Illinois 6th District, 1944; delegate to the openly anti-Semitic America First Party convention in 1944, which nominated Gerald L. K. Smith for president. Pleaded guilty in Chicago, 1946 to a charge of assault with intent to kill. Presumed deceased. Burial location unknown.
  Jerry Thomson Logie (1887-1966) — also known as Jerry T. Logie — of Bay City, Bay County, Mich. Born in Grand Rapids, Kent County, Mich., 1887. Republican. Pharmacist; member of Michigan state senate 24th District, 1939-44; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; charged in a different bribery case in 1945; tried and convicted. Died in 1966 (age about 79 years). Burial location unknown.
  Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (1898-1976) — also known as Gerald L. K. Smith — of Shreveport, Caddo Parish, La.; Detroit, Wayne County, Mich.; Eureka Springs, Carroll County, Ark. Born in Pardeeville, Columbia County, Wis., February 27, 1898. Pastor; orator; political administrator and organizer for Huey P. Long, 1934-35; as a white supremacist, he joined and organized for William Dudley Pelley's Silver Shirts of America, an organization modeled directly on Adolf Hitler's Brownshirts; candidate for U.S. Senator from Michigan, 1942 (Republican primary), 1942; founder of the America First party; charged with sedition in 1944, as part of an alleged Nazi conspiracy; tried along with many others, but after seven months, a mistrial was declared; America First candidate for President of the United States, 1944; founder of the Christian Nationalist Crusade; advocated deportation from the U.S. of Jews and African-Americans. Disciples of Christ. Died, of pneumonia, in Glendale, Los Angeles County, Calif., April 15, 1976 (age 78 years, 48 days). Interment at Christ of the Ozarks Cemetery, Eureka Springs, Ark.
  Relatives: Son of Lyman Z. Smith and Sarah Smith; married, June 21, 1922, to Elna (Robe) Sorenson.
  Cross-reference: Charles J. Anderson, Jr. — Lorence E. Asman
  See also Wikipedia article — Find-A-Grave memorial
  William C. Birk (1885-1950) — of Baraga, Baraga County, Mich. Born in Calumet, Houghton County, Mich., November 6, 1885. Republican. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Ontonagon District, 1927-34; defeated, 1934, 1936; member of Michigan state senate 32nd District, 1941-42; defeated, 1938, 1942, 1944; charged on December 16, 1944, along with other legislators, with accepting bribes; tried in 1945 and convicted; sentenced to three to five years in prison. German ancestry. Died in 1950 (age about 64 years). Burial location unknown.
  Miles M. Callaghan (1868-1944) — of Reed City, Osceola County, Mich. Born in Portland, Ionia County, Mich., October 7, 1868. Republican. Hardware dealer; fruit farmer; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Osceola District, 1929-36, 1943-44; resigned 1944; member of Michigan state senate 28th District, 1937-40; defeated in primary, 1940; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; pleaded guilty and testified against others. Suffered a stroke, and died, in Reed City, Osceola County, Mich., August 22, 1944 (age 75 years, 320 days). Burial location unknown.
  William Green (1880-1956) — of Hillman, Montmorency County, Mich. Born in Montmorency County, Mich., March 26, 1880. Republican. Lumberman; farmer; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Presque Isle District, 1929-36, 1939-44; defeated, 1936; delegate to Republican National Convention from Michigan, 1940; indicted for bribery on December 2, 1944 (along with Frank D. McKay); the case collapsed when the star witness, Sen. Warren G. Hooper was murdered; indicted again on different bribery charges on December 16, 1944; tried in 1945 and convicted; sentenced to three to five years in prison. Died in 1956 (age about 76 years). Burial location unknown.
  Joseph J. Kowalski (b. 1914) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., March 19, 1914. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1939-44; nominated, but withdrew 1944; removed 1944; charged on January 22, 1944 (along with 19 other current and former state legislators) with accepting bribes; tried, convicted, and sentenced to 3-5 years in prison; also charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Polish ancestry. Member, Polish National Alliance; Maccabees. Presumed deceased. Burial location unknown.
  Ray E. Whitney (1878-1970) — of Onondaga Township, Ingham County, Mich. Born in Onondaga Township, Ingham County, Mich., April 23, 1878. Republican. Farmer; real estate dealer; candidate for Michigan state house of representatives from Ingham County 2nd District, 1942, 1944; in July 1944, he was accused of sending out postcards falsely claiming the endorsement of several prominent Republicans; arraigned in August 1944 for felony election fraud, over forging most of the signatures on his nominating petitions; pleaded guilty in September 1944 to misdemeanor charges. Congregationalist. Died, in Stuart Nursing Home, Leslie, Ingham County, Mich., September 3, 1970 (age 92 years, 133 days). Interment at Draper Cemetery, Rives Township, Jackson County, Mich.
  Relatives: Son of Alson Whitney and Nellie (Flanagan) Whitney; married, March 15, 1916, to Ruby Haven.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Warren Green Hooper (1904-1945) — also known as Warren G. Hooper — of Albion, Calhoun County, Mich. Born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Calif., May 2, 1904. Republican. Newspaper reporter; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Calhoun County 1st District, 1939-44; member of Michigan state senate 9th District, 1945; died in office 1945. Episcopalian. Member, Theta Kappa Nu; Freemasons; Knights Templar. During a grand jury investigation, admitted to taking bribes and was given immunity from prosecution in return for his testimony against others; however, four days before the hearing, he was shot and killed in his car, alongside highway M-99, near Springport, Jackson County, Mich., January 11, 1945 (age 40 years, 254 days). Interment at Riverside Cemetery, Albion, Mich.
  Relatives: Married, May 23, 1936, to Callienetta Cobb; second great-grandson of William Hooper.
  Cross-reference: William Green — Frank D. McKay
  Epitaph: "With Honesty He Lived; For Honesty he was Taken."
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  William H. McKeighan — of Flint, Genesee County, Mich. Republican. Political boss; mayor of Flint, Mich., 1915-16, 1922-23, 1927-28, 1931-33; defeated, 1923; candidate for Governor of Michigan, 1932; delegate to Republican National Convention from Michigan, 1940; political ally of Frank D. McKay; charged in 1945, along with McKay, with conspiracy to violate state liquor laws; tried; the judge directed a verdict of not guilty. Burial location unknown.
  Felix L. Sparks — of Colorado. Colonel in the U.S. Army during World War II; one of the heroes of the Anzio beachhead in 1944; on April 29, 1945, he captured the Dachau concentration camp, and under orders to permit no one in or out, refused entry to a brigadier general from another unit; court-martial charges were drawn up, and Sparks was arrested; the charges were dismissed by General Patton; justice of Colorado state supreme court, 1956. Presumed deceased. Burial location unknown.
Charles S. Blondy Charles S. Blondy (1905-1982) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pa., January 29, 1905. Democrat. Constable; real estate business; member of Michigan state senate, 1941-64 (5th District 1941-54, 4th District 1955-64); defeated in primary, 1934, 1938; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify; candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan 1st District, 1964. Jewish. Member, B'nai B'rith. Died in Southfield, Oakland County, Mich., January 28, 1982 (age 76 years, 364 days). Interment at Hebrew Memorial Park, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Mich.
  Relatives: Son of Goldie (Grodsky) Blondy and Hyman Blondy; married to Frances Goldberg.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Image source: Michigan Manual 1957-58
  James Benjamin Stanley (1903-1977) — also known as James B. Stanley — of Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County, Mich. Born in Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County, Mich., December 29, 1903. Republican. Lawyer; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Kalamazoo County 1st District, 1937-46; defeated in primary, 1934; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Congregationalist. Member, Elks; Moose; Eagles. Died in 1977 (age about 73 years). Burial location unknown.
  Byron L. Ballard (b. 1890) — of Lansing, Ingham County, Mich. Born in Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Tex., February 21, 1890. Democrat. Lawyer; law partner of Charles H. Hayden, 1917-30, and of Edmund C. Shields, 1931; chair of Ingham County Democratic Party, 1920-24; candidate for Michigan state senate 14th District, 1926; treasurer of Michigan Democratic Party, 1937; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Episcopalian. Member, American Bar Association; Rotary; Knights of Pythias; Freemasons; Knights Templar; Elks; Sigma Phi Epsilon. Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Walter Elgin Ballard and Jennie (Peden) Ballard; married, February 16, 1916, to M. Lucille Juzek.
  George Oscar Harma (1905-1977) — also known as George O. Harma — of Atlantic Mine, Houghton County, Mich. Born in Baltic Mine, Houghton County, Mich., November 5, 1905. Democrat. School teacher; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Houghton County 2nd District, 1935-44; candidate for Michigan state senate 32nd District, 1944; implicated as co-conspirator in a legislative branch banking bribery case in 1946; given immunity from prosecution in return for his testimony. Finnish ancestry. Member, Pi Delta Epsilon. Died in 1977 (age about 71 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Carl Oscar Harma and Mary Susanna (Fjader) Harma.
  Raymond J. Snow (1913-1999) — of Flint, Genesee County, Mich. Born in Bay City, Bay County, Mich., September 29, 1913. Democrat. Beer distributor; potato chip manufacturer; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Genesee County 1st District, 1941-46; defeated, 1938; Charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other current and former state legislators) with bribery conspiracy; pleaded guilty and testified for prosecution, but the charges against the others were eventually dismissed. Catholic. Member, Holy Name Society; Moose; Eagles. Died, in McLaren Regional Medical Center, Flint, Genesee County, Mich., August 25, 1999 (age 85 years, 330 days). Interment at New Calvary Catholic Cemetery, Flint, Mich.
  Gilbert H. Isbister (1900-1958) — of Port Huron, St. Clair County, Mich. Born in Port Huron, St. Clair County, Mich., July 9, 1900. Republican. Served in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War I; St. Clair County Register of Deeds, 1925-34; candidate for Michigan state treasurer, 1934; member of Michigan state senate 11th District, 1939-42; defeated in primary, 1942; alternate delegate to Republican National Convention from Michigan, 1940; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Died in 1958 (age about 57 years). Burial location unknown.
  Earl W. McEwen Sr. — of Flint, Genesee County, Mich. Democrat. Member of Michigan state house of representatives from Genesee County 2nd District; elected 1940; candidate for Michigan state senate 13th District, 1944; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Presumed deceased. Burial location unknown.
Corliss Lamont Corliss Lamont (1902-1995) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Englewood, Bergen County, N.J., March 28, 1902. Socialist. Author; lecturer; arrested on June 27, 1934, while picketing in support of a labor union at a furniture plant in Jersey City, N.J.; chairman, National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 1943-47; this organization and its leaders were investigated for subversion by the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities; charged in 1946 with contempt of Congress for his refusal to provide records demanded by the committee; in 1951, the U.S. State Department denied a passport to him, based on his membership in what were deemed "Communist-front organizations"; on August 17, 1954, the U.S. Senate cited him with contempt of Congress for refusing to testify before Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy's subcommittee; subsequently indicted; pleaded not guilty; the indictment was dismissed in 1955; the Court of Appeals upheld the dismissal in 1956; candidate for U.S. Senator from New York, 1952 (American Labor), 1958 (Independent Socialist). Member, American Civil Liberties Union; NAACP; Phi Beta Kappa; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died, of heart failure, in Ossining, Westchester County, N.Y., April 26, 1995 (age 93 years, 29 days). Interment at Brookside Cemetery, Englewood, N.J.
  Relatives: Son of Thomas William Lamont and Florence Haskell (Corliss) Lamont; married, June 8, 1928, to Margaret Hayes Irish; married 1962 to Helen Lamb; married 1986 to Beth Keehner; granduncle of Ned Lamont.
  See also Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Image source: The Militant, November 3, 1958
  Robert B. McLaughlin (1903-1965) — of Flint, Genesee County, Mich. Born in 1903. Democrat. Member of Michigan state senate 13th District, 1941-44; defeated in primary, 1938; candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan 6th District, 1944; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Died in 1965 (age about 62 years). Burial location unknown.
  William C. Stenson (b. 1900) — of Greenland, Ontonagon County, Mich. Born in Wakefield, Gogebic County, Mich., July 1, 1900. Republican. Automobile dealer; construction superintendent; salvage materials dealer; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Ontonagon District; defeated, 1938; elected 1940, 1942; charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify. Burial location unknown.
  Richard Morford (c.1903-1986) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Onaway, Presque Isle County, Mich., about 1903. Presbyterian minister; vice-chair of New York American Labor Party, 1945-49; director, National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 1946-80; this organization and its leaders were investigated for subversion by the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities; charged in 1946 with contempt of Congress for his refusal to provide records demanded by the committee; tried in federal court in Washington; convicted in March 1948; his conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court; convicted again on re-trial; sentenced to three months in prison and fined $250. Presbyterian. Died, from pneumonia, in Madison, Dane County, Wis., September 7, 1986 (age about 83 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Married to Aileen Hutson.
  James A. Burns (1899-1963) — of Detroit, Wayne County, Mich. Born in Detroit, Wayne County, Mich., January 8, 1899. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War I; hotelier; purchasing agent; member of Michigan state house of representatives from Wayne County 1st District, 1923-24; defeated in Republican primary, 1926, 1928, 1930; member of Michigan state senate 4th District, 1937-38, 1941-42; defeated, 1924 (Republican primary, 2nd District), 1938 (Democratic primary, 4th District), 1942 (Democratic, 4th District), 1944 (Democratic primary, 4th District); charged on July 20, 1946 (along with 18 other legislators) with accepting bribes to vote against a banking bill, but the entire case collapsed when the star prosecution witness, Charles F. Hemans, refused to testify; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Michigan, 1948. Died in 1963 (age about 64 years). Burial location unknown.
  Theodore Gilmore Bilbo (1877-1947) — also known as Theodore G. Bilbo — of Poplarville, Pearl River County, Miss. Born near Poplarville, Pearl River County, Miss., October 13, 1877. Democrat. School teacher; lawyer; farmer; member of Mississippi state senate, 1908-12; Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi, 1912-16; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Mississippi, 1912 (alternate), 1916 (member, Committee on Permanent Organization), 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944; Governor of Mississippi, 1916-20, 1928-32; U.S. Senator from Mississippi, 1935-47; died in office 1947. Baptist. Scotch-Irish ancestry. Member, Freemasons; Knights Templar; Shriners; Elks; Odd Fellows; Ku Klux Klan. Author of the book Take Your Choice: Separation or Mongrelization, which advocated deportation of all Black Americans to Africa. During the 1946 campaign, in a radio address, he called on "every red-blooded Anglo-Saxon man in Mississippi to resort to any means to keep hundreds of Negroes from the polls in the July 2 primary. And if you don't know what that means, you are just not up to your persuasive measures." After he won re-election, the Senate, appalled at his racist views and tactics, refused to seat him, and started an investigation. Died, of mouth cancer, in a hospital at New Orleans, Orleans Parish, La., August 21, 1947 (age 69 years, 312 days). Interment at Juniper Grove Cemetery, Near Poplarville, Pearl River County, Miss.
  Relatives: Son of James Oliver Bilbo and Beedy (Wallace) Bilbo; married, May 25, 1898, to Lillian S. Herrington; married, January 27, 1903, to Linda R. Gaddy.
  See also congressional biography — Govtrack.us page — National Governors Association biography — Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier
  James Vito Auditore (1889-1973) — also known as James V. Auditore; "The Millionaire Stevedore" — of Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y.; Great Neck, Nassau County, Long Island, N.Y.; Valley Stream, Nassau County, Long Island, N.Y. Born in Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y., July 15, 1889. Democrat. Alternate delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, 1920; owner of two stevedoring companies; indicted in 1947, with two other men, and charged with conspiracy to collect illegal fees on New York City piers, by getting control of the city-owned facilities and reselling access to shippers at three times the city rates; convicted on sixteen counts; sentenced to four and a half to ten years in prison. Italian ancestry. Died July 3, 1973 (age 83 years, 353 days). Burial location unknown.
  Herbert E. Lewis (d. 1972) — of Long Beach, Los Angeles County, Calif. Born in Ontario. Served in the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War; served in the U.S. Army during World War I; mayor of Long Beach, Calif., 1945-47. A member of the "Solid Five," a bloc on the Long Beach city council; all were recalled from office in 1947. Died in 1972. Burial location unknown.
  Elliott Roosevelt (1910-1990) — of Fort Worth, Tarrant County, Tex.; Buford, Rio Blanco County, Colo.; Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minn.; Miami Beach, Dade County (now Miami-Dade County), Fla.; Seattle, King County, Wash.; Palm Springs, Riverside County, Calif.; Scottsdale, Maricopa County, Ariz. Born in Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., September 23, 1910. Democrat. Delegate to Democratic National Convention from Texas, 1940; served in the U.S. Army Air Force in World War II; investigated and called to testify by a U.S. Senate subcommittee in 1947 over lavish entertainment in Hollywood and Manhattan, many paid escorts, and paid hotel bills provided to Roosevelt and others, in a successful effort to persuade them to recommend Hughes reconnaissance aircraft for purchase by the U.S. military; owned a radio station in Texas; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Colorado, 1960; mayor of Miami Beach, Fla., 1965-69; member of Democratic National Committee from Florida, 1968; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Florida, 1968. Died, of congestive heart failure, in Scottsdale, Maricopa County, Ariz., October 27, 1990 (age 80 years, 34 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt; brother of James Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.; married, January 16, 1932, to Elizabeth Browning Donner; married, July 22, 1933, to Ruth Josephine Googins; married, December 3, 1944, to Faye Margaret Emerson; married, March 15, 1951, to Minnewa (Bell) Gray Burnside Ross; married, November 3, 1960, to Patricia (Peabody) Whithead; grandnephew of Theodore Roosevelt and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson; great-grandnephew of Robert Barnwell Roosevelt; second great-grandnephew of James I. Roosevelt; third great-grandson of Edward Hutchinson Robbins; third great-grandnephew of William Bellinger Bulloch; fourth great-grandson of Archibald Bulloch; first cousin once removed of Theodore Douglas Robinson, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Warren Delano Robbins, Corinne Robinson Alsop, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and William Sheffield Cowles; first cousin thrice removed of Elizabeth Monroe; first cousin five times removed of Ebenezer Huntington; first cousin seven times removed of Benjamin Huntington; second cousin of Corinne A. Chubb and John deKoven Alsop; second cousin once removed of Susan Roosevelt Weld; second cousin twice removed of Samuel Laurence Gouverneur; second cousin four times removed of Nicholas Roosevelt Jr., Philip DePeyster and Jabez Williams Huntington.
  Political families: Roosevelt family of New York; Kellogg-Adams-Seymour-Chapin family of Connecticut and New York (subsets of the Four Thousand Related Politicians).
  See also Wikipedia article
  Karen Morley (1909-2003) — also known as Mildred Linton — of Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y.; Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, Calif. Born in Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa, December 12, 1909. Actress; her career ended in 1947, when she was blacklisted as a suspected Communist; American Labor candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York, 1954. Female. Died, from pneumonia, in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Calif., March 8, 2003 (age 93 years, 86 days). Cremated; ashes scattered in North Pacific Ocean.
  Relatives: Married, November 5, 1932, to Charles Vidor; married 1943 to Lloyd Gough.
  See also Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier — Internet Movie Database profile — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Kenneth Romney (1885-1952) — of Washington, D.C. Born in Missoula, Missoula County, Mont., October 20, 1885. Democrat. Newspaper correspondent; Sergeant-at-Arms of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1931-47; convicted in 1947 of concealing a shortage of about $121,000 in House bank accounts, and sentenced to one to three years in prison; released in 1949. Died in Arlington, Arlington County, Va., April 6, 1952 (age 66 years, 169 days). Interment at Riverview Cemetery, Hamilton, Mont.
  Relatives: Son of Hiram Thomas Gaskell Romney and Anna (Wood) Romney; brother of Miles Romney; married to Edna Romney; uncle of Miles J. Romney Jr.; first cousin of Vernon Romney; first cousin once removed of Marion George Romney, George Wilcken Romney and Vernon Bradford Romney; first cousin twice removed of George Scott Romney and Willard Mitt Romney; first cousin thrice removed of Ronna Romney McDaniel and Craig Romney.
  Political family: Romney family.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  James Lustig (b. 1902) — of Bronx, Bronx County, N.Y.; Newark, Essex County, N.J. Born in Budapest, Hungary, 1902. Communist. Naturalized U.S. citizen; agent, United Electrical Workers; candidate for New York state senate 22nd District, 1932; member, Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee; the group was investigated for subversion by the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities; indicted in 1947, along with other members, for contempt of Congress over their refusal to provide records demanded by the House committee; convicted in 1947; sentenced to three months in jail, and fined $500. Hungarian ancestry. Burial location unknown.
  Gus Hall (1910-2000) — also known as Arvo Kustaa Halberg — of Youngstown, Mahoning County, Ohio; Yonkers, Westchester County, N.Y. Born in Virginia, St. Louis County, Minn., October 8, 1910. Communist. Steelworker; union organizer and one of the leaders of the steelworkers' strike in 1937; candidate for mayor of Youngstown, Ohio, 1937; served in the U.S. Navy during World War II; indicted in 1948, and convicted in 1949, under the Smith Act, of conspiring to teach the violent overthrow of the U.S. government; fled to Mexico; arrested in 1951 and sent back; spent eight years in prison; candidate for President of the United States, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984. Finnish ancestry. Died, of complications from diabetes, in Lenox Hill Hospital, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., October 13, 2000 (age 90 years, 5 days). Interment at Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, Ill.
  Relatives: Married 1935 to Elizabeth Turner.
  See also Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier
  William Zebulon Foster (1881-1961) — also known as William Z. Foster; William Edward Foster — of Bronx, Bronx County, N.Y. Born in Taunton, Bristol County, Mass., February 25, 1881. Communist. Labor organizer; helped lead steelworkers strike in 1919; candidate for President of the United States, 1924, 1928, 1932; candidate for Governor of New York, 1930; arrested after a demonstration in 1930, and jailed for six months; indicted on July 20, 1948 under the Smith Act, and charged with conspiring to advocate the overthrow of the government; never tried due to illness. Irish ancestry. Died, in a sanatorium at Moscow, Russia, September 1, 1961 (age 80 years, 188 days). Cremated; ashes interred at Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Moscow, Russia; cenotaph at Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, Ill.
  Relatives: Son of James Foster; married to Ester Abramovitch.
  Epitaph: "Working Class Leader. Tireless Fighter for Socialism."
  See also Wikipedia article — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Glen Hearst Taylor (1904-1984) — also known as Glen H. Taylor — of Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho. Born in Portland, Multnomah County, Ore., April 12, 1904. Country-western singer; candidate for U.S. Representative from Idaho, 1938; U.S. Senator from Idaho, 1945-51; defeated, 1940 (Democratic), 1942 (Democratic), 1956 (Independent); arrested on May 1, 1948, in Birmingham, Alabama, for attempting to use a door reserved for Negroes, rather than the whites-only door; convicted in 1949 of disorderly conduct; Progressive candidate for Vice President of the United States, 1948. Member, United World Federalists. Died April 28, 1984 (age 80 years, 16 days). Interment at Skylawn Memorial Park, San Mateo, Calif.
  Relatives: Son of Pleasant John Taylor and Olive Oatman (Higgins) Taylor; married, March 31, 1931, to Dora Marie Pike.
  See also congressional biography — Govtrack.us page — Wikipedia article
  Eugene Dennis (1905-1961) — also known as Francis Xavier Waldron; Tim Ryan — Born in Seattle, King County, Wash., August 10, 1905. Communist. Union organizer; fled to the Soviet Union in 1929 to avoid prosecution; returned to the U.S. in 1935; General Secretary, Communist Party, 1946-59, and Chairman, 1959-61; arrested in 1948, along with other party leaders, and charged with advocating the violent overthrow of the United States; convicted in 1949, and sentenced to five years in prison. Died, from cancer, in Mount Sinai Hospital, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., January 31, 1961 (age 55 years, 174 days). Interment at Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, Ill.
  See also Wikipedia article
  Benjamin Jefferson Davis Jr. (1903-1964) — also known as Benjamin J. Davis, Jr.; Ben Davis — of Atlanta, Fulton County, Ga.; Harlem, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Dawson, Terrell County, Ga., September 8, 1903. Communist. Lawyer; candidate for New York state senate 18th District, 1936; candidate for U.S. Representative from New York at-large, 1942; candidate for New York state attorney general, 1946; arrested in 1948, along with other party leaders, and charged with advocating the violent overthrow of the United States; convicted in 1949, and expelled from his New York city council seat; served more than three years in prison. African ancestry. Died, from lung cancer, in Beth Israel Hospital, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., August 22, 1964 (age 60 years, 349 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Benjamin Jefferson Davis.
  See also Wikipedia article — OurCampaigns candidate detail
E. F. Prichard, Jr. Edward Fretwell Prichard Jr. (1915-1984) — also known as E. F. Prichard, Jr.; "Prich" — of Paris, Bourbon County, Ky.; Versailles, Woodford County, Ky. Born in Paris, Bourbon County, Ky., January 21, 1915. Democrat. Delegate to Democratic National Convention from Kentucky, 1948, 1960, 1964; in 1949, he was convicted of vote fraud in federal court, over ballot-box stuffing in Bourbon County, Kentucky; served five months in prison. Member, Americans for Democratic Action. Died in Kentucky, December 23, 1984 (age 69 years, 337 days). Interment at Paris Cemetery, Paris, Ky.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Books about Edward F. Prichard, Jr.: Tracy Campbell, Short of the Glory: The Fall and Redemption of Edward F. Prichard, Jr.
  Image source: Life Magazine, July 25, 1949
  Carl Winter (1906-1991) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y.; Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minn.; Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Calif.; Michigan. Born in 1906. Communist. Candidate for New York state senate 13th District, 1932; candidate for U.S. Senator from Minnesota, 1940; convicted in 1949 under the Smith Act, for conspiring to advocate the overthrow of the government; served five years in prison. Died in 1991 (age about 85 years). Interment at Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, Ill.
  Relatives: Married to Helen Allison Winter (daughter of Alfred Wagenknecht and Hortense Allison Wagenknecht; niece of Elmer T. Allison).
  Political family: Winter-Wagenknecht family.
  Simon M. Cherivtch (1914-2001) — also known as "Uncle Simon" — of Millville, Cumberland County, N.J. Born April 16, 1914. Butcher; automobile dealer; mayor of Millville, N.J., 1948-53. Charged in 1949 with federal income tax evasion, based on his underreporting of income in 1944-45; tried, convicted, and sentenced to a year and a day in federal prison; released after five months. Died March 26, 2001 (age 86 years, 344 days). Burial location unknown.
  Robert Alexander Vogeler (1911-1992) — also known as Robert A. Vogeler — of Bedford, Westchester County, N.Y.; Cos Cob, Greenwich, Fairfield County, Conn.; Mt. Kisco, Westchester County, N.Y.; Horseheads, Chemung County, N.Y. Born in Jackson Heights, Queens, Queens County, N.Y., September 6, 1911. Republican. Vice-president, International Telephone and Telegraph; arrested by the Hungarian Communist government in 1949, tortured, tried and convicted of espionage; released in 1951; honored guest, Republican National Convention, 1952. Episcopalian. German and French ancestry. Died in Horseheads, Chemung County, N.Y., April 22, 1992 (age 80 years, 229 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Willy R. Vogeler and Marie J. (Besse) Vogeler; married, October 10, 1987, to Muriel E. Rose; married 1939 to Lucile Eykens.
  Cross-reference: Nathaniel P. Davis
  John Adams Kingsbury (1876-1956) — also known as John A. Kingsbury — of Yonkers, Westchester County, N.Y.; Woodstock, Ulster County, N.Y. Born in Horton, Brown County, Kan., August 30, 1876. Progressive. School teacher and principal; superintendent of schools; candidate for Presidential Elector for New York; Commissioner of Public Charities, New York City, 1914-18; chairman of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 1949-56; this organization and its leaders were investigated for subversion by the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities. Member, American Public Health Association. Died August 3, 1956 (age 79 years, 339 days). Interment at Pioneer Cemetery, Union Gap, Wash.
  Relatives: Son of John Terry Kingsbury and Anna Gibson (Adams) Kingsbury; married, August 20, 1909, to Mabel Glass.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
"Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard."
Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872
The Political Graveyard

The Political Graveyard is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.
 
  The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.  
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Copyright notices: (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see Feist v. Rural Telephone. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute fair use under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a Creative Commons License.
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