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Politician members in New York

Robert Woods Bliss Robert Woods Bliss (1875-1962) — of New York; Washington, D.C. Born in St. Louis, Mo., August 5, 1875. U.S. Consul in Venice, as of 1903; Foreign Service officer; U.S. Minister to Sweden, 1923-27; U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, 1927-33. Member, Council on Foreign Relations; American Academy of Political and Social Science. One of five retired diplomats who co-signed a famous 1954 letter protesting U.S. Sen. Joe McCarthy's attacks on the Foreign Service. Donated his Georgetown estate, Dumbarton Oaks, to Harvard University in 1940; after the war, it was the scene of the conference that led to the creation of the United Nations. Died in Washington, D.C., April 19, 1962 (age 86 years, 257 days). Cremated; ashes interred at Dumbarton Oaks Rose Garden, Washington, D.C.
  Relatives: Son of William Henry Bliss and Annie Louise (Woods) Bliss; brother of Annie Louise Bliss (who married Charles Warren); married, April 14, 1908, to Mildred Barnes.
  Political family: Bliss-Warren family of Plymouth, Massachusetts.
  Epitaph: "Quod severeis metes." [as ye sow so ye shall reap.]
  See also U.S. State Dept career summary — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Image source: Library of Congress
William Miller Collier William Miller Collier (1867-1956) — of Auburn, Cayuga County, N.Y. Born in Lodi, Seneca County, N.Y., October 11, 1867. Lawyer; U.S. Minister to Spain, 1905-09; president, George Washington University, 1917; U.S. Ambassador to Chile, 1921-28. Episcopalian. Member, Phi Beta Kappa; Chi Psi; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died in 1956 (age about 88 years). Interment at Fort Hill Cemetery, Auburn, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of Rev. Isaac H. Collier and Frances (Miller) Collier; married, September 13, 1893, to Frances Beardsley Ross.
  See also Wikipedia article — U.S. State Dept career summary
  Image source: Library of Congress
Charles A. Conant Charles Arthur Conant (1861-1915) — also known as Charles A. Conant — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Winchester, Middlesex County, Mass., July 2, 1861. Democrat. Candidate for Massachusetts state house of representatives, 1886; candidate for U.S. Representative from Massachusetts 8th District, 1894; delegate to Gold Democrat National Convention from Massachusetts, 1896; journalist; author; economist; set up the currency system in the Philippine Islands; director of the Manila Railroad and the National Bank of Nicaragua; treasurer of Morton Trust Company of New York. Member, American Economic Association; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died, from stomach cancer, in Havana (La Habana), Cuba, July 5, 1915 (age 54 years, 3 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Charles E. Conant and Mary Crawford (Wallace) Conant.
  See also Wikipedia article
  Image source: American Monthly Review of Reviews, July 1908
  James Henry Roberts Cromwell (1896-1990) — also known as James H. R. Cromwell — of Somerville, Somerset County, N.J.; Weehawken, Hudson County, N.J. Born in New York, New York County, N.Y., June 4, 1896. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War I; vice-president, Peerless Motor Car Company; U.S. Minister to Canada, 1940; delegate to Democratic National Convention from New Jersey, 1940; candidate for U.S. Senator from New Jersey, 1940; president, Chemwood Corporation, pulp and paper manufacturers. Member, American Legion; Veterans of Foreign Wars; Military Order of the World Wars; Marine Corps League; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died in 1990 (age about 94 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Oliver Eaton Cromwell and Lucretia (Roberts) Cromwell; brother of Louise Cromwell (aunt by marriage of Douglas MacArthur II); married, June 20, 1920, to Delphine Dodge (sister of Horace Elgin Dodge Jr.); married, February 13, 1935, to Doris Duke (daughter of James Buchanan Duke); married 1948 to Maxine McFetridge.
  Political families: Barkley-MacArthur family; Dodge-Duke-Cromwell family of Detroit, Michigan (subsets of the Four Thousand Related Politicians).
  See also Wikipedia article — U.S. State Dept career summary
  Louis A. Cuvillier (1871-1935) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Fairfax County, Va., February 4, 1871. Democrat. Served in the U.S. Army during the Spanish-American War; lawyer; member of New York state assembly, 1907-09, 1911-13, 1920, 1922-33, 1935 (New York County 30th District 1907-09, 1911-13, New York County 20th District 1920, 1922-33, 1935); defeated, 1909 (New York County 30th District), 1920 (New York County 20th District), 1933 (New York County 20th District); died in office 1935; served in the U.S. Army during World War I; delegate to New York convention to ratify 21st amendment, 1933. Member, American Bar Association; American Academy of Political and Social Science; Tammany Hall. Died, from bronchial pneumonia, in Bronx, Bronx County, N.Y., May 18, 1935 (age 64 years, 103 days). Interment at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Va.
  Relatives: Son of Samuel Cuvillier and Jane (Taylor) Cuvillier.
  See also Find-A-Grave memorial
  Helen Gahagan Douglas (1900-1980) — also known as Helen Gahagan; "The Pink Lady" — of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Calif.; Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Boonton, Morris County, N.J., November 25, 1900. Actress and opera singer, 1922-38; member of Democratic National Committee from California, 1940-44; delegate to Democratic National Convention from California, 1940 (alternate), 1944 (speaker), 1948; vice-chair of California Democratic Party, 1941-42; U.S. Representative from California 14th District, 1945-51; candidate for U.S. Senator from California, 1950 (Democratic), 1952 (Independent). Female. Scottish and Irish ancestry. Member, League of Women Voters; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died, of cancer, in New York, New York County, N.Y., June 28, 1980 (age 79 years, 216 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Daughter of Walter Hamer Gahagan and Lillian Rose (Mussen) Gahagan; married, April 5, 1931, to Melvyn Douglas.
  See also congressional biography — Govtrack.us page — Wikipedia article — Internet Movie Database profile
Ralph W. Dox Ralph Watson Dox (1885-1951) — also known as Ralph W. Dox — of Lockport, Niagara County, N.Y. Born in Lockport, Niagara County, N.Y., May 9, 1885. Lawyer; U.S. Vice & Deputy Consul in Nuremberg, 1910-16. Presbyterian. Member, American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died in Lockport, Niagara County, N.Y., March 3, 1951 (age 65 years, 298 days). Interment at Glenwood Cemetery, Lockport, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of Isaac Dox and Emma (Watson) Dox.
  Image source: U.S. passport application (1916)
  John George Erhardt (1889-1951) — also known as John G. Erhardt — of Coram, Suffolk County, Long Island, N.Y. Born in Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y., November 4, 1889. Served in the U.S. Army during World War I; lawyer; Foreign Service officer; U.S. Vice Consul in Athens, 1920; U.S. Consul in Athens, 1920-24; Winnipeg, 1924-26; Bordeaux, 1930-33; U.S. Consul General in Hamburg, 1933-37; London, 1939-41; U.S. Minister to Austria, 1946-50; U.S. Ambassador to South Africa, 1950-51, died in office 1951. Presbyterian. Member, American Academy of Political and Social Science; Delta Upsilon. Died, from coronary thrombosis, in Wynberg, Cape Town, South Africa, February 18, 1951 (age 61 years, 106 days). Interment at Hamilton College Cemetery, Clinton, N.Y.; cenotaph at Union Cemetery, Middle Island, Long Island, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of John Erhardt and Mary (Bader) Erhardt; married, February 13, 1920, to Eleanor Davis.
  See also U.S. State Dept career summary — Find-A-Grave memorial
  James Aloysius Farley (1888-1976) — also known as James A. Farley — of Stony Point, Rockland County, N.Y.; Haverstraw, Rockland County, N.Y.; Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Grassy Point, Rockland County, N.Y., May 30, 1888. Democrat. Chair of Rockland County Democratic Party, 1919-29; member of New York state assembly from Rockland County, 1923; defeated, 1923; delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968; secretary of New York Democratic Party, 1928-30; New York Democratic state chair, 1930-44; Chairman of Democratic National Committee, 1932-40; candidate for Presidential Elector for New York; U.S. Postmaster General, 1933-40; delegate to New York convention to ratify 21st amendment, 1933; chairman, Coca-Cola Export Corporation, 1940-73. Catholic. Irish ancestry. Member, Ancient Order of Hibernians; Eagles; Elks; Redmen; Knights of Columbus; Friendly Sons of St. Patrick; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died, from cardiac arrest, in his suite at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., June 9, 1976 (age 88 years, 10 days). Interment at Gate of Heaven Cemetery, Hawthorne, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of James Farley and Ellen (Goldrick) Farley; married, April 26, 1920, to Elizabeth A. Finnegan.
  Cross-reference: Ambrose O'Connell — Lawrence J. Murray, Jr.
  See also Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Ernest Henry Gruening (1887-1974) — also known as Ernest Gruening; "Mr. Alaska" — of Juneau, Alaska. Born in New York, New York County, N.Y., February 6, 1887. Democrat. Newspaper reporter; newspaper editor; writer; Governor of Alaska Territory, 1939-53; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Alaska Territory, 1956; member, Committee on Rules and Order of Business, 1952; U.S. Senator from Alaska, 1959-69; defeated, 1968; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Alaska, 1960, 1968, 1972; candidate for Presidential Elector for Alaska. Jewish. Member, Council on Foreign Relations; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Leader in drive to gain statehood for Alaska. One of only two Senators to vote against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President Johnson authority to escalate the Vietnam War. Died of cancer in Washington, D.C., June 26, 1974 (age 87 years, 140 days). Cremated; ashes scattered.
  Relatives: Son of Emil Gruening and Phebe (Fridenberg) Gruening; married, November 19, 1914, to Dorothy Elizabeth Smith.
  Mount Ernest Gruening, in Juneau, Alaska, is named for him.
  See also congressional biography — Govtrack.us page — Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier — Internet Movie Database profile
  Books about Ernest Gruening: Claus-M Naske, Ernest Gruening: Alaska's Greatest Governor
  Franklin Mott Gunther (1885-1941) — of Washington, D.C. Born in New York, New York County, N.Y., February 28, 1885. Foreign Service officer; U.S. Minister to Egypt, 1928-30; Romania, 1937-41. Member, American Academy of Political and Social Science; Society of Colonial Wars; Sons of the Revolution. Died in Bucharest, Romania, December 22, 1941 (age 56 years, 297 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Franklin L. Gunther and Louisa Dunmore (Mott) Gunther; married, April 27, 1918, to Louisa Bronson Hunnewell.
  See also U.S. State Dept career summary
  Seymour Halpern (1913-1997) — of Kew Gardens, Queens, Queens County, N.Y.; Jamaica, Queens, Queens County, N.Y. Born in Richmond Hill, Queens, Queens County, N.Y., November 19, 1913. Republican. Newspaper reporter; advertising business; candidate for New York state assembly from Queens County 5th District, 1937; member of New York state senate, 1941-54 (2nd District 1941-44, 4th District 1945-54); U.S. Representative from New York, 1959-73 (4th District 1959-63, 6th District 1963-73); defeated, 1954; candidate for Presidential Elector for New York. Jewish. Member, Elks; B'nai B'rith; Moose; Knights of Pythias; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died from complications of pneumonia, at Southampton Hospital, Southampton, Suffolk County, Long Island, N.Y., January 10, 1997 (age 83 years, 52 days). Interment at Mt. Lebanon Cemetery, Glendale, Queens, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of Anna (Swanton) Halpern and Ralph Halpern; married, December 27, 1959, to Barbara Margaret Olsen; first cousin once removed of Stephen Joshua Solarz.
  Political family: Solarz-Halpern family of New York.
  See also congressional biography — Govtrack.us page
  Richard Lockhart Hand (1839-1914) — of Elizabethtown, Essex County, N.Y. Born in Elizabethtown, Essex County, N.Y., February 15, 1839. Democrat. Newspaper editor; lawyer; candidate for Justice of New York Supreme Court, 1885, 1893. Congregationalist. Member, American Bar Association; American Academy of Political and Social Science; American Society for International Law; Chi Psi. Died October 7, 1914 (age 75 years, 234 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Marcia Seelye (Northrup) Hand and Augustus Cincinnatus Hand; brother of Samuel Hand and Ellen Salome Hand (who married Matthew Hale); married, June 29, 1868, to Mary Elizabeth Noble; father of Augustus Noble Hand; uncle of Billings Learned Hand.
  Political family: Hand family of Elizabethtown, New York (subset of the Four Thousand Related Politicians).
Corliss Lamont Corliss Lamont (1902-1995) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Englewood, Bergen County, N.J., March 28, 1902. Socialist. Author; lecturer; arrested on June 27, 1934, while picketing in support of a labor union at a furniture plant in Jersey City, N.J.; chairman, National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, 1943-47; this organization and its leaders were investigated for subversion by the U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities; charged in 1946 with contempt of Congress for his refusal to provide records demanded by the committee; in 1951, the U.S. State Department denied a passport to him, based on his membership in what were deemed "Communist-front organizations"; on August 17, 1954, the U.S. Senate cited him with contempt of Congress for refusing to testify before Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy's subcommittee; subsequently indicted; pleaded not guilty; the indictment was dismissed in 1955; the Court of Appeals upheld the dismissal in 1956; candidate for U.S. Senator from New York, 1952 (American Labor), 1958 (Independent Socialist). Member, American Civil Liberties Union; NAACP; Phi Beta Kappa; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died, of heart failure, in Ossining, Westchester County, N.Y., April 26, 1995 (age 93 years, 29 days). Interment at Brookside Cemetery, Englewood, N.J.
  Relatives: Son of Thomas William Lamont and Florence Haskell (Corliss) Lamont; married, June 8, 1928, to Margaret Hayes Irish; married 1962 to Helen Lamb; married 1986 to Beth Keehner; granduncle of Ned Lamont.
  See also Wikipedia article — NNDB dossier — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Image source: The Militant, November 3, 1958
Seth Low Seth Low (1850-1916) — of Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y.; Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Brooklyn, Kings County, N.Y., January 18, 1850. Republican. Mayor of Brooklyn, N.Y., 1882-85; president, Columbia University, 1890-1900; mayor of New York City, N.Y., 1902-03; defeated, 1897, 1903; delegate to Republican National Convention from New York, 1908; delegate to New York state constitutional convention at-large, 1915. Member, American Philosophical Society; American Academy of Political and Social Science; Union League. Died in Bedford Hills, Westchester County, N.Y., September 17, 1916 (age 66 years, 243 days). Interment at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of Abiel Abbot Low and Ellen Almira (Dow) Low; married, December 9, 1880, to Anne Wroe Scollay Curtis (daughter of Benjamin Robbins Curtis); uncle of Seth Low Pierrepont and Abbot Augustus Low; great-granduncle of Jay Pierrepont Moffat and Abbot Low Moffat; second cousin twice removed of George Choate (1796-1880); second cousin thrice removed of George Choate (1761-1826); third cousin once removed of William Gardner Choate and Joseph Hodges Choate; third cousin twice removed of Rufus Choate; fourth cousin of Joseph Hodges Choate Jr..
  Political families: White-Moffat family; Choate family of Salem, Massachusetts (subsets of the Four Thousand Related Politicians).
  Cross-reference: James B. Reynolds
  See also Wikipedia article — Find-A-Grave memorial — OurCampaigns candidate detail
  Image source: American Monthly Review of Reviews, November 1901
Ernest Lyon Ernest Lyon (1860-1938) — of New Orleans, Orleans Parish, La.; New York, New York County, N.Y.; Baltimore, Md. Born in Belize City, Belize, October 22, 1860. Republican. Minister; U.S. Minister to Liberia, 1903-10; U.S. Consul General in Monrovia, 1903-10; Consul-General for Liberia in Washington, D.C., 1911-13. Methodist. African ancestry. Member, American Academy of Political and Social Science; Freemasons. Died in 1938 (age about 77 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Emmanuel Lyon and Ann F. (Bending) Lyon; married to Marie Wright.
  See also U.S. State Dept career summary
  Image source: New York Public Library
  Will H. Parry (1864-1917) — of Seattle, King County, Wash. Born in New York, New York County, N.Y., June 29, 1864. Newspaper editor and publisher; treasurer and manager, Moran Shipbuilding Co., 1900-15; member, Federal Trade Commission, 1915-17; died in office 1917. Episcopalian. Member, American Academy of Political and Social Science; Union League. Died, in a hospital at Washington, D.C., April 21, 1917 (age 52 years, 296 days). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of William M. Parry and Elizabeth (Gillette) Parry; married, January 15, 1891, to Harriet Phelps.
  Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) — of Milford, Pike County, Pa. Born in Simsbury, Hartford County, Conn., August 11, 1865. Chief Forester of the U.S.; close confidant of President Theodore Roosevelt; candidate for U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, 1914 (Roosevelt Progressive), 1926 (Republican primary); Governor of Pennsylvania, 1923-27, 1931-35; defeated in Republican primary, 1938. French ancestry. Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences; American Forestry Association; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died, from leukemia, at the Harkness Pavilion, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., October 4, 1946 (age 81 years, 54 days). Interment at Milford Cemetery, Milford, Pa.
  Relatives: Son of James W. Pinchot and Mary (Eno) Pinchot; married 1914 to Cornelia Elizabeth Bryce (daughter of Lloyd Stephens Bryce).
  Political family: Cooper-Ashley family of New York City, New York.
  The Gifford Pinchot National Forest (established 1908 as the Columbia National Forest; renamed 1949), in Skamania, Lewis, Yakima, Cowlitz, and Klickitat counties, Washington, is named for him.
  See also National Governors Association biography — Wikipedia article
  Books about Gifford Pinchot: Char Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism
  William Lynn Ransom (b. 1883) — also known as William L. Ransom — of Jamestown, Chautauqua County, N.Y.; Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Harmony town, Chautauqua County, N.Y., June 20, 1883. Republican. Candidate for Presidential Elector for New York. Member, American Bar Association; American Academy of Political and Social Science; Knights of Pythias. Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Nelson Fullam Ransom and Rose (Wiltsie) Ransom; married, September 14, 1909, to Mary Crawford Hope.
  George Frederick Seward (1840-1910) — also known as George F. Seward — of California; Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in Florida, Orange County, N.Y., November 8, 1840. U.S. Consul in Shanghai, 1861-63; U.S. Consul General in Shanghai, 1863-76; U.S. Minister to China, 1876-80; president, Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York, 1893-1910. Member, American Philosophical Society; American Academy of Political and Social Science. Died in Manhattan, New York County, N.Y., November 28, 1910 (age 70 years, 20 days). Interment at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, N.Y.
  Relatives: Son of George Washington Seward and Temperance Wick (Leddel) Seward; married, August 4, 1870, to Kate Sherman; nephew of William Henry Seward; grandson of Samuel Swayze Seward; first cousin of Frederick William Seward and William Henry Seward Jr.; first cousin once removed of Frederick Whittlesey Seward Jr..
  Political family: Seward family of New York (subset of the Four Thousand Related Politicians).
  See also Wikipedia article — U.S. State Dept career summary — Find-A-Grave memorial
  Lester Aglar Walton (1882-1965) — of Manhattan, New York County, N.Y. Born in St. Louis, Mo., April 20, 1882. Newspaper writer; theater manager; U.S. Minister to Liberia, 1935-46. African ancestry. Member, Elks; American Academy of Political and Social Science; Alpha Phi Alpha. In 1913, started movement for capitalization of "N" in "Negro" in newspapers and magazines. Died in 1965 (age about 83 years). Burial location unknown.
  Relatives: Son of Benjamin A. Walton and Ollie May (Camphor) Walton; married, June 29, 1912, to Gladys Moore.
  See also U.S. State Dept career summary
  Charles Woodruff Yost (1907-1981) — also known as Charles W. Yost — of New York; Washington, D.C. Born in Watertown, Jefferson County, N.Y., November 6, 1907. Foreign Service officer; U.S. Vice Consul in Alexandria, 1931-32; Warsaw, 1932-33; U.S. Charge d'Affaires to Thailand, 1946; U.S. Minister to Laos, 1954-55; U.S. Ambassador to Laos, 1955-56; Syria, 1957-58; Morocco, 1958-61; U.S. Representative to United Nations, 1969-71. Member, Council on Foreign Relations; American Society for International Law; American Academy of Political and Social Science; American Philosophical Society. Died, from cancer, in Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C., May 21, 1981 (age 73 years, 196 days). Interment at Brookside Cemetery, Watertown, N.Y.
  Relatives: Married 1934 to Irena Oldakowska.
  See also Wikipedia article — U.S. State Dept career summary — NNDB dossier — Find-A-Grave memorial — OurCampaigns candidate detail
"Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard."
Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872
The Political Graveyard

The Political Graveyard is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.
 
  The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.  
  The listings are incomplete; development of the database is a continually ongoing project.  
  Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is not guaranteed. Users are advised to check with other sources before relying on any information here.  
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  If you are searching for a specific named individual, try the alphabetical index of politicians.  
Copyright notices: (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see Feist v. Rural Telephone. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute fair use under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a Creative Commons License.
Site information: The Political Graveyard is created and maintained by Lawrence Kestenbaum, who is solely responsible for its structure and content. — The mailing address is The Political Graveyard, P.O. Box 2563, Ann Arbor MI 48106. — This site is hosted by HDL. — The Political Graveyard opened on July 1, 1996; the last full revision was done on March 8, 2023.

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